ADVERSE EVENTS ASSOCIATED WITH ANESTHETIC AGENTS IN ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
Abstract
Anesthetic agents are indispensable in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (OMS) to ensure patient comfort and facilitate surgical procedures, ranging from minor dentoalveolar interventions to complex orthognathic and trauma surgeries. Anesthesia in OMS often involves a spectrum of techniques, primarily local anesthesia (LA), conscious sedation, and general anesthesia (GA). While these agents are generally safe, their administration carries a risk of adverse events (AEs) and complications. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the local and systemic complications associated with anesthetic agents—both local and general—used in the OMS setting. Understanding the etiology, clinical presentation, prevention, and management of these complications is paramount for improving patient safety and outcomes. A thorough preoperative assessment and adherence to best clinical practices remain the cornerstones of complication reduction.
Downloads
References
Malamed, S. F. (2019). Handbook of Local Anesthesia (7th ed.). St. Louis: Elsevier.
Pogrel, M. A., Bryan, J., & Regezi, J. (1995). Nerve damage associated with inferior alveolar nerve blocks. Journal of the American Dental Association, 126(8), 1150–1155.
Becker, D. E., & Reed, K. L. (2012). Local anesthetics: review of pharmacological considerations. Anesthesia Progress, 59(2), 90–101.
Wakasugi-Sato, N., et al. (2021). Common postoperative complications after general anesthesia in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Anesthesia, 3(2), 78–85.
Miloro, M., & Kolokythas, A. (Eds.). (2012). Management of Complications in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell.
Hupp, J. R., Tucker, M. R., & Ellis, E. (2018). Contemporary Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (7th ed.). St. Louis: Elsevier.
Moore, P. A., & Hersh, E. V. (2010). Local anesthetics: pharmacology and toxicity. Dental Clinics of North America, 54(4), 587–599.
Adeyemo, W. L., et al. (2006). Complications of local anesthesia used in oral and maxillofacial surgery: a review. African Journal of Oral Health, 3(1), 1–6.
Becker, D. E. (2017). Adverse drug reactions in dental practice. Anesthesia Progress, 64(4), 230–238.
Inoue, M., et al. (2020). Anesthetic considerations for oral and maxillofacial surgery in neurologically injured patients: a comprehensive review. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Anesthesia, 2(1), 1–9.
