APPLICATIONS OF MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY IN ENVIRONMENTAL BIOREMEDIATION

Abstract

Microbial biotechnology has emerged as one of the most promising tools for addressing environmental pollution through bioremediation. By harnessing the metabolic versatility of microorganisms, scientists are developing effective, eco-friendly, and economically viable approaches to detoxify contaminated soils, waters, and air. This paper explores the modern applications of microbial biotechnology in environmental bioremediation, focusing on the underlying mechanisms, microbial communities involved, and innovative strategies such as genetic engineering, synthetic biology, and nanobiotechnology. The study emphasizes the environmental, industrial, and societal relevance of microbial bioremediation, highlighting both the achievements and existing challenges. The findings indicate that while microbial biotechnology offers sustainable alternatives to conventional chemical or physical remediation methods, several limitations, including environmental variability, microbial adaptation, and regulatory constraints, still require comprehensive research and policy reform.