“EFFECTS OF AGE ON SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION’’

Abstract

This study investigates the effects of age on second language acquisition (SLA), focusing on the differences in language learning outcomes among children, adolescents, and adults. Drawing on both theoretical frameworks and empirical studies, the research explores how age influences pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary retention, and overall fluency. The critical period hypothesis is examined in detail, along with neurological, cognitive, and social factors that contribute to age-related differences in language learning. Data were collected through surveys, language tests, and interviews conducted with L2 learners of various age groups. The findings reveal that younger learners tend to acquire native-like pronunciation more easily, while older learners often demonstrate faster initial progress in vocabulary and grammar due to more developed cognitive skills. However, motivation, exposure, and learning environment also play crucial roles across all age groups. The study concludes that although age is a significant factor in SLA, it interacts with a range of other variables that can either enhance or hinder language learning success.